外贸英文邮件格式范文(必备17篇)

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第1篇

_Here comes uncles letter!_ I shouted happily. But this letter was different from those he sent to me before. It was an email! My uncle went to the United States long ago. But he cared about my study and life very much. So he wrote me often.

But it would take a long time for his letter to arrive. Several years later， my family set up a telephone set， It became easier for us to communicate， but we cost more money by calling each other. Now we both had a computer and could get on the Intemet. Then we could talk to each other any time we wanted to， and it wouldn＇t cost world is changing， and it is changing better and better.

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第2篇

Dear Sir or Madam:

We have noticed your advertisement in the September 15 issue of the Sweater World Journal. We would appreciate it if you could send us a pamphlet as well as the catalogue and price-list of your products.

We are a large chain of retailers and are looking for a manufacturer who could supply us with a wide range of sweaters for the adult market.

As we are usually a bulk buyer, we hope you can follow us a large discount.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第3篇

Dear Mr. / Ms,

On 14 November I submitted a bill for services rendered to your office at the Lille International Exposition. More than a month has now elapsed without payment or acknowledgment of my bill. Please check this oversight,and remit payment at your earliest convenience. I look forward to future services to your corporation.

Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.

Yours faithfully

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第4篇

同意进口商的还价

Dear Sirs:

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We have accepted your offer on the terms suggested. Enclosed our will find a special price list that we believe will meet your ideas of prices. You should note that the recent advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably. However, for your order we have kept our prices down.

To Sincerely

拒绝进口商的还价

Dear Sirs:

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We regret that we cannot meet your must point out that the falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. We must

ask you for a keener price in respect to future orders. At present the best discount offered for a quantity of 200 is 5%。 Our current situation leaves us little room to bargain.

We hope you will reconsider the offer.

Truly

正式提出订单

Dear Sir:

We have discussed your offer of 5% and accept it on the terms quoted. We are prepared to give your product a trial, provided you can guarantee delivery on or before the 20th of September. The enclosed order is given strictly on this condition.

We reserve the right of refusal of delivery and/or cancellation of the order after this date.

Truly

确认订单

Dear Sir:

Thank you very much for your order of June 15 for 200 Deer Mountain Bikes. We will make every possible effort to speed up delivery. We will advise you of the date of dispatch. We are at your service at all times.

Sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第5篇

同意进口商的还价

Dear Sirs:

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We have accepted your offer on the terms suggested. Enclosed our will find a special price list that we believe will meet your ideas of prices. You should note that the recent advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably. However, for your order we have kept our prices down.

To Sincerely

拒绝进口商的还价

Dear Sirs:

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We regret that we cannot meet your must point out that the falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. We must

ask you for a keener price in respect to future orders. At present the best discount offered for a quantity of 200 is 5%. Our current situation leaves us little room to bargain.

We hope you will reconsider the offer.

Truly

正式提出订单

Dear Sir:

We have discussed your offer of 5% and accept it on the terms quoted. We are prepared to give your product a trial, provided you can guarantee delivery on or before the 20th of September. The enclosed order is given strictly on this condition.

We reserve the right of refusal of delivery and/or cancellation of the order after this date.

Truly

确认订单

Dear Sir:

Thank you very much for your order of June 15 for 200 Deer Mountain Bikes. We will make every possible effort to speed up delivery. We will advise you of the date of dispatch. We are at your service at all times.

Sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第6篇

作为买家，认为对方报价太高

Dear Mr. Jones,

We acknowledge receipt of both your offer of May 6 and the samples of Men's Shirts, and thank you for these.

While appreciating the good quality of your shirts, we find your price is rather too high for the market we wish to supply.

We have also to point out that the Men's Shirts are available in our market from several European manufacturers, all of them are at prices from 10% to 15% below the price you being the case, we have to ask you to consider if you can make reduction in your price, say 10%。As our order would be worth around US$50,000, you may think it worthwhile to make a concession.

We are looking forward to your reply,

Sincerely,

要求对方开立信用证

Dear Mr. Jones:

With reference to the 4,000 dozen shirts under our Sales Confirmation , we wish to draw your attention to the fact that the date of delivery is approaching but up to the present we have not received the covering L/C.

Please do you utmost to expedite its establishment so that we may execute the order within the prescribed time. In order to avoid subsequent amendments, please see to it that the L/C stipulations are in exact accordance with the terms of the contract.

We look forward to receiving your favorable response at an early date.

Sincerely,

因对方未能如期信用证而交涉

Dear Mr. Jones:

With reference to our Sales Confirmation dated August 10, 20xx, we regret to say that your letter of credit has not yet reached us up to the time of writing. This has caused us much inconvenience as we have already made preparations for shipment according to the stipulations of the said Sales Confirmation.

You must be aware that the terms and conditions of a contract once signed should be strictly observed, failure to abide by them will mean violation of contract. If you refer to our Sales

Confirmation, you will see the clause reading: _The Buyer shall establish the covering Letter of Credit before 30th August, 20xx, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind the contract without further notice._ The goods you ordered have been ready for quite some time and the demand of late has been so great that we find it hard to keep them for you any longer. However, in consideration of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to wait for your L/C, which must reach us not later than October 5, 20xx. If we again fail to receive your L/C in time, we shall cancel our Sales

Confirmation and ask you to refund to us the storage charges we have paid on your behalf.

Your cooperation in this respect will be appreciated.

Sincerely,

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第7篇

As the development of technology, today people keep in touch with each other not only by cell phone, but also through email.

When we open computer, we may find all kinds of message, some are important, they are sent from friends, while some are rubbish message, which are sent by the unknown ones.

As we can get the message from all resources, we may be cheated any time. There are always some messages about ads in our emails, such as the car secure, some ads say you are the one who hits their luck, you can have the big prize if you give them some message they need.

A lot of people get cheated, because they want to try to get the prize. When we read the email, we should take care of the fraud, never be greed, the fortune can’t fall from the sky, only we work for it.

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第8篇

向顾客推销商品

Dear Sir: May 1,

Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure.

Yours faithfully

提出询价

Dear Sir: , 2001

We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the . Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business.

We look forward to hearing from you soon..

Truly

迅速提供报价

Dear Sir: June 4, 2001

Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand.

We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.

如何讨价还价

Dear Sir: June 8, 2001

We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a

discount of 10% for a quantity of 200, we would agree to your offer. You should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business.

We hope to hear from you soon.

Yours truly

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第9篇

1. 向顾客推销商品

Dear Sir: May 1,

Inquiries regarding

our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of

the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the

market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our

brochure.

Yours faithfully

2. 提出询价

Dear Sir: , 2001

received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would

do well here in the . Kindly send us further details of your prices and

terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in

order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you

soon..

Truly

3. 迅速提供报价

Dear Sir: June 4, 2001

Thank you for

your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us

great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together

with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade,

you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look

forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.

交易的契机

4. 如何讨价还价

Dear Sir: June 8, 2001

We have received your

price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your

quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a

discount of 10% for a quantity of 200, we would agree to your offer. You should

note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business. We hope

to hear from you soon.

Yours truly

5-1 同意进口商的还价

Dear Sirs: June

12, 2001

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We have accepted your

offer on the terms suggested. Enclosed our will find a special price list that

we believe will meet your ideas of prices. You should note that the recent

advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably.

However, for your order we have kept our prices down.

Sincerely

5-2拒绝进口商的还价

Dear Sirs: June 12, 2001

Thank you for your letter of June

the 8th. We regret that we cannot meet your terms. We must point out that the

falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. We must ask you for

a keener price in respect to future orders. At present the best discount offered

for a quantity of 200 is 5%. Our current situation leaves us little room to

bargain. We hope you will reconsider the offer.

Truly

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第10篇

向顾客推销商品

Dear Sir: May 1, 20xx

Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure.

Yours faithfully

提出询价

Dear Sir: , 20xx

We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the . Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.。

Truly

迅速提供报价

Dear Sir: June 4, 20xx

Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand.

We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.

如何讨价还价

Dear Sir: June 8, 20xx

We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a

discount of 10% for a quantity of 200, we would agree to your offer. You should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business.

We hope to hear from you soon.

Yours truly

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第11篇

请求开立信用证

Gentlemen:

Thank you for your order No. 599. In order to execute it, please open an irrevocable L/C for the amount of US$ 50,000 in our favor. This account shall be available until Sep. 20. Upon arrival of the L/C we will pack and ship the order as requested.

Sincerely

通知已开立信用证

Dear Sir:

Thank you for your letter of June 18 enclosing details of your terms. According to your request for opening an irrevocable L/C, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to open a credit for US$ 50,000 in your favor, valid until Sep. 20. Please advise us by fax when the order has been executed.

Sincerely

请求信用证延期

Dear Sir：

We are sorry to report that in spite of our effort, we are unable to guarantee shipment by the agreed date due to a strike at our factory. We are afraid that your L/C will be expire before shipment. Therefore, please explain our situation to your customers and secure their consent to extend the L/C to .

同意更改信用证

Gentlemen: Sept. 5, 20xx

We received your letter today and have informed our customers of your situation. As requested, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to extend the L/C up to and including September 30. Please keep us abreast of any new development.

Sincerely

抱怨发货迟延

Dear Sirs: Sept. 25, 20xx

Concerning our order No. 599 for 200 mountain bikes, so far you have shipped only 50 bikes against the shipment. We are notifying you that we reserve our right to claim on you for the shortage, if it is confirmed. We have given our customers a definite assurance that we would supply the goods by the end of September. We hope you will look into this urgent matter.

Yours faithfully

处理客户的抱怨

Gentlemen: Sept. 30, 20xx

In response to your letter of , we regret your complaint very much. Today we received information from Hong Kong that the remaining 150 bikes were on a ship that developed engine trouble and had to put into port for repairs. The trouble was not serious, and the vessel is now on her way. She would arrive at your place tomorrow or the next day.

Truly

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第12篇

Dear Sir or Madam:

We are enclosing the drawings of two printing machines, requesting you to inform us of the price and the delivery date.

If your quotations are suitable and the machines prove satisfactory, we shall be able to place orders with you, as we need some more machines to complete our factory plant. We shall be pleased if your representatives should call on us as soon as possible.

Yours sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第13篇

取消订货

Dear Sirs: Oct. 2, 20xx

We are sorry that causes completely beyond your control have made it impossible for you to keep the shipment date of Sept. 30. Since you have failed to uphold your end of the agreement, we find it necessary to cancel our order. Unfortunately, our

buyers cannot wait indefinitely for the units. We are sorry that it is necessary to take such a drastic step.

谅解迟运原因

Gentlemen: Oct. 2, 20xx

We have received of your notice of delay of shipment due to mechanical troubles on the ship. We are pleased that the order is now on its way. Thank you for the notice. We are eagerly awaiting the ship's arrival.

Yours faithfully

货物损坏报告

Dear Sirs: Oct. 4, 20xx

Upon arrival of your shipment, the ship's agents noticed that case No. 5 was maged and notified us. The number of articles in the case is correct according to the invoice, but the following articles are broken: (List of articles) As you will see in our survey report and of the ship's agents'， that these units are damaged and quite unsaleable.

Please send us replacements for the broken articles; we await your reply in due course.

Sincerely

拒绝承担损坏责任

Dear Sirs: Oct. 8, 20xx

Thank you for informing us of the damaged shipment. Since the units were packed with the best of care, we can only assume that the cases were handled roughly. We therefore urge you to lodge your claim with the insurance company.

Sincerely

承担赔偿责任

Gentlemen: Oct. 8, 20xx

As soon as we got your letter we got in touch with the packers and asked them to look into the matter. It appears that the fault lies with the packaging materials used. We have since corrected the mistake. We apologize for the oversight, and are sending a new delivery immediately.

Sincerely

催要逾期货款

Dear Sirs: Nov. 30, 20xx

It has come to our attention that your payment is one month overdue. The units ordered were delivered to you on September 26 and were invoiced on September 30. Payment is due on October 30. We look forward to seeing your remittance within a

week.

Sincerely

Toxue_com

付清逾期货款

Dear Sirs: Oct. 3, 20xx

We have looked into the cause of the delay in payment and have found that our accounting department made an oversight in making your remittance. We are sorry for the inconvenience. The sum of US$ 20,000 has been sent to you by Telegraphic Transfer and should reach you sometime tomorrow.

Sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第14篇

1. 向海外买家推销商品

Dear Sir: May 1,

Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure.

Yours faithfully

2. 提出询价

Dear Sir: , 2008

We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the . Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you soon..

Truly

3. 向海外客户迅速提供报价

Dear Sir: June 4, 2008

Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.

4. 外贸报价如何讨价还价

Dear Sir: June 8, 2008

We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a discount of 10% for a quantity of 200, we would agree to your offer. You should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business. We hope to hear from you soon.

Yours truly

5-1 同意进口商的还价

Dear Sirs: June 12, 2008

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We have accepted your offer on the terms suggested. Enclosed our will find a special price list that we believe will meet your ideas of prices. You should note that the recent advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably. However, for your order we have kept our prices down.

Sincerely

5-2 拒绝进口商的还价

Dear Sirs: June 12, 2008

Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We regret that we cannot meet your terms. We must point out that the falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. We must ask you for a keener price in respect to future orders. At present the best discount offered for a quantity of 200 is 5%. Our current situation leaves us little room to bargain. We hope you will reconsider the offer.

Truly

6. 正式提出订单

Dear Sir: June 15, 2008

We have discussed your offer of 5% and accept it on the terms quoted. We are prepared to give your product a trial, provided you can guarantee delivery on or before the 20th of September. The enclosed order is given strictly on this condition. We reserve the right of refusal of delivery and/or cancellation of the order after this date.

Truly

7. 确认订单

Dear Sir: June 20, 2008

Thank you very much for your order of June 15 for 200 Deer Mountain Bikes. We will make every possible effort to speed up delivery. We will advise you of the date of dispatch. We are at your service at all times.

Sincerely

8. 请求开立信用证

Gentlemen: June 18, 2008

Thank you for your order No. 599. In order to execute it, please open an irrevocable L/C for the amount of US$ 50,000 in ou* **vor. This account shall be available until Sep. 20. Upon arrival of the L/C we will pack and ship the order as requested.

Sincerely

9. 通知已开立信用证

Dear Sir: June 24, 2008

Thank you for your letter of June 18 enclosing details of your terms. According to your request for opening an irrevocable L/C, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to open a credit for US$ 50,000 in you* **vor, valid until Sep. 20. Please advise us by fax when the order has been executed.

Sincerely

10. 请求信用证延期

Dear Sir： Sep. 1, 2008

We are sorry to report that in spite of our effort, we are unable to guarantee shipment by the agreed date due to a strike at ou* **ctory. We are afraid that your L/C will be expire before shipment. Therefore, please explain our situation to your customers and secure their consent to extend the L/C to .

Sincerely

11. 同意更改信用证

Gentlemen: Sept. 5, 2008

We received your letter today and have informed our customers of your situation. As requested, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to extend the L/C up to and including September 30. Please keep us abreast of any new development.

Sincerely

12. 抱怨发货迟延

Dear Sirs: Sept. 25, 2008

Concerning our order No. 599 for 200 mountain bikes, so far you have shipped only 50 bikes against the shipment. We are notifying you that we reserve our right to claim on you for the shortage, if it is confirmed. We have given our customers a definite assurance that we would supply the goods by the end of September. We hope you will look into this urgent matter.

Yours faithfully

13. 处理海外买家的抱怨

Gentlemen: Sept. 30, 2008

In response to your letter of , we regret your complaint very much. Today we received information from Hong Kong that the remaining 150 bikes were on a ship that developed engine trouble and had to put into port for repairs. The trouble was not serious, and the vessel is now on her way. She would arrive at your place tomorrow or the next day.

Truly

14-1 取消订货

Dear Sirs: Oct. 2, 2008

We are sorry that causes completely beyond your control have made it impossible for you to keep the shipment date of Sept. 30. Since you have failed to uphold your end of the agreement, we find it necessary to cancel our order. Unfortunately, our buyers cannot wait indefinitely for the units. We are sorry that it is necessary to take such a drastic step.

Sincerely

14-2 谅解迟运原因

Gentlemen: Oct. 2, 2008

We have received of your notice of delay of shipment due to mechanical troubles on the ship. We are pleased that the order is now on its way. Thank you for the notice. We are eagerly awaiting the ship's arrival.

Yours faithfully

15. 货物损坏报告

Dear Sirs: Oct. 4, 2008

Upon arrival of your shipment, the ship's agents noticed that case No. 5 was damaged and notified us. The number of articles in the case is correct according to the invoice, but the following articles are broken: (List of articles)

As you will see in our survey report and of the ship's agents', that these units are damaged and quite unsaleable. Please send us replacements for the broken articles; we await your reply in due course.

Sincerely

16-1. 拒绝承担损坏责任

Dear Sirs: Oct. 8, 2008

Thank you for informing us of the damaged shipment. Since the units were packed with the best of care, we can only assume that the cases were handled roughly. We therefore urge you to lodge your claim with the insurance company.

Sincerely

16-2. 承担赔偿责任

Gentlemen: Oct. 8, 2008

As soon as we got your letter we got in touch with the packers and asked them to look into the matter. It appears that the fault lies with the packaging materials used. We have since corrected the mistake. We apologize for the oversight, and are sending a new delivery immediately.

Sincerely

17. 催要逾期货款

Dear Sirs: Nov. 30, 2008

It has come to our attention that your payment is one month overdue. The units ordered were delivered to you on September 26 and were invoiced on September 30. Payment is due on October 30. We look forward to seeing your remittance within a week.

Sincerely

18. 付清逾期货款

Dear Sirs: Oct. 3, 2008

We have looked into the cause of the delay in payment and have found that our accounting department made an oversight in ****** your remittance. We are sorry for the inconvenience. The sum of US$ 20,000 has been sent to you by Telegraphic Transfer and should reach you sometime tomorrow.

Sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第15篇

请求开立信用证

Gentlemen:

Thank you for your order No. 599. In order to execute it, please open an irrevocable L/C for the amount of US$ 50,000 in our favor. This account shall be available until Sep. 20. Upon arrival of the L/C we will pack and ship the order as requested.

Sincerely

通知已开立信用证

Dear Sir:

Thank you for your letter of June 18 enclosing details of your terms. According to your request for opening an irrevocable L/C, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to open a credit for US$ 50,000 in your favor, valid until Sep. 20. Please advise us by fax when the order has been executed.

Sincerely

请求信用证延期

Dear Sir：

We are sorry to report that in spite of our effort, we are unable to guarantee shipment by the agreed date due to a strike at our factory. We are afraid that your L/C will be expire before shipment. Therefore, please explain our situation to your customers and secure their consent to extend the L/C to .

同意更改信用证

Gentlemen: Sept. 5,

We received your letter today and have informed our customers of your situation. As requested, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to extend the L/C up to and including September 30. Please keep us abreast of any new development.

Sincerely

抱怨发货迟延

Dear Sirs: Sept. 25, 2001

Concerning our order No. 599 for 200 mountain bikes, so far you have shipped only 50 bikes against the shipment. We are notifying you that we reserve our right to claim on you for the shortage, if it is confirmed. We have given our customers a definite assurance that we would supply the goods by the end of September. We hope you will look into this urgent matter.

Yours faithfully

处理客户的抱怨

Gentlemen: Sept. 30, 2001

In response to your letter of , we regret your complaint very much. Today we received information from Hong Kong that the remaining 150 bikes were on a ship that developed engine trouble and had to put into port for repairs. The trouble was not serious, and the vessel is now on her way. She would arrive at your place tomorrow or the next day.

Truly

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第16篇

Dear Sir or Madam:

We have received your circular of May 14, in which a price-list of the Japanese toys was enclosed.

We are interested in this line of the Japanese goods. We often receive inquiries about them from our clients in various Latin America countries. Therefore, we shall be able to give you considerable orders, if your goods are suitable in quality and reasonable in price. We would be pleased if you could send us some samples with the best terms at your earliest convenience.

Yours sincerely

外贸英文邮件格式范文 第17篇

Electronic mail,or e-mail for short,is an entirely new way of communication by means of fast,inexpensive,highly efficient and convenient,e-mail is so popular in developed countries that it is difficult to imagine modern life without it.

Nowadays, millions of computers all over the world have been connected to form a global network called can send or receive by e-mail a variety of information and documents such as letters,papers, video and audio files to anyone in over 170 countries in a short harriers are not a problem, because internet software is capable of translating your mail into whatever language you want. you can also store,,edit,compile and search your e-maih most importantly,e-mail helps us overcome space and time limitations in communication.

With the rapidly growing popularity of computers and the fast expansion of the information highway,wider and wider applications of internet e-mail will be developed and e-mail will soon become an indispensable means of communication.